Can the Mediterranean Diet Reduce Cancer Risk in People with Obesity?

Obesity is a well-established risk factor for several types of cancer, including colorectal and kidney cancer. Research continues to uncover how diet influences cancer risk, and a recent study suggests that adopting a Mediterranean diet may significantly lower cancer risk in individuals with obesity.

The Mediterranean Diet and Cancer Risk Reduction

The Mediterranean diet is rich in whole, plant-based foods, including fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, nuts, and healthy fats such as olive oil. It also includes moderate consumption of fish, poultry, and dairy while limiting red meat, processed foods, and added sugars.

A study published in BMC Medicine examined the impact of diet on cancer risk in individuals with obesity. Researchers found that those who adhered to a Mediterranean diet had a lower incidence of colorectal and kidney cancer compared to individuals who did not follow the diet. The study highlights how the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Mediterranean diet foods may help counteract the harmful effects of obesity, which is associated with chronic inflammation and oxidative stress—two key contributors to cancer development.

Why Does Obesity Increase Cancer Risk?

Obesity leads to an increased risk of cancer due to several physiological changes. Excess body fat promotes chronic inflammation and insulin resistance, both of which create an environment that supports cancer growth. In addition, obesity can lead to higher levels of certain hormones, such as estrogen and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which have been linked to cancer progression.

The Mediterranean diet, with its emphasis on nutrient-dense and anti-inflammatory foods, helps combat these risk factors by reducing inflammation, improving metabolic health, and supporting a balanced gut microbiome.

Mediterranean Diet vs. Standard Western Diet

A typical Western diet—high in processed foods, refined carbohydrates, and unhealthy fats—contributes to obesity and its associated health risks, including cancer. In contrast, the Mediterranean diet provides essential nutrients, fiber, and antioxidants that support cellular health and reduce the risk of disease.

The study’s findings reinforce that dietary choices play a crucial role in modifying cancer risk, particularly for individuals with obesity. While maintaining a healthy weight is ideal, these results suggest that even individuals with obesity can lower their cancer risk by making healthier dietary choices.

Key Takeaways for Cancer Prevention

While diet alone cannot eliminate cancer risk, adopting a Mediterranean-style eating pattern may be a practical and effective strategy to help reduce the likelihood of colorectal and kidney cancer, especially in individuals with obesity.

Dr. Anton Bilchik, a leading surgical oncologist and cancer researcher, emphasizes the importance of a holistic approach to cancer prevention. “Lifestyle modifications, including diet, exercise, and weight management, can have a profound impact on cancer risk. The Mediterranean diet offers a scientifically supported way to lower inflammation and improve overall health,” he says.

For those at higher risk, routine screenings, maintaining a healthy weight, and adopting a balanced diet remain critical components of cancer prevention. If you have concerns about your cancer risk, speak with a healthcare professional to develop a personalized prevention plan.